ETHNO-RELIGIOUS EXPRESSIONS OF OTHERNESS (CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES). MODULE 4.

Етикети

Друг, другост, етнос, религия

d09cd09ed094d0a3d09b-4Изтегляне

ETHNICITY, RELIGION, NATIONAL IDENTITY / ЕТНОС, РЕЛИГИЯ, НАЦИОНАЛНА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ

Етикети

culture, етнос, идентичност, ислям, култура, национализъм, ethnicity, identity, Islam, nationalism, религия, ценности, religion, values

Abstract: The processes we designate as globalization tend to provoke resistance, which arises ever more often as an effort on the part of various ethno-cultural and religious traditions to preserve their own identity. In this context, ethnic and religious affiliations become centers of meaning in the striving towards a separate identity in the global debate regarding the quality of human development.

Achieving a national community and building new norms of coexistence under the conditions of ethno-religious variety are becoming a strategic goal of contemporary development. Contemporary civilization faces the need to respond to the critique and resistance of various forms of religious fundamentalism, and especially the critique formulated in the tradition of Islamic fundamentalism.   

The problems related to national identity have been far more often described and discussed in the context of nationalist fears of difference than in terms of the effort to overcome the crisis of identity amidst the imposed similarities. Under Bulgarian conditions, ethnic and religious diversity continues to be perceived as an established fact that we must take into account, and not as a resource for nation building. Achieving a national identity should be the result of joint effort. The first and most difficult part of this effort is to recognize that this common meaning exists in a diversity of forms. The coming years will be marked by a search for new grounds of one’s own identity, a search for the spaces that define parts of ourselves. The great challenge facing Bulgaria is to rediscover the values and meaning of the national community. Only thus will our genuine, full presence in Europe become a fact.   

Keywords: religion, ethnicity, culture, identity, Islam, nationalism, values

ЕТНОС, РЕЛИГИЯ, НАЦ. ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ (2)Изтегляне

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ИСЛЯМ – БАЛКАНИ – ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ / ISLAM – THE BALKANS – IDENTITY

Етикети

Balkans, colonization, Балкани, етнос, идентичност, ислям, ислямизация, колонизация, миграция, ethnos, identity, Islam, Islamization, migration, религия, religion

Резюме: Още в хода на завоюването на Балканския полуостров, което приключва към края на XV век, пред империята възниква въпроса за нуждата от увеличаване на мюсюлманския елемент, чрез който да се утвърди османската власт в новите земи. Органите на централната власт, армията и духовенството започват системно да провеждат политика на ислямизация. Колонизацията и миграцията са едни от факторите, които водят до установяване на многобройно население с ислямска компонента.  Ислямизацията е свързана и с определени предимства като опрощаване на провинения на нарушители на закона, раздаване на служби и длъжности, подпомагане на бедните нови мюсюлмани, включване в различни османски военни организации – спахийство, еничарство, яя (селяни пехотинци), мюслеми (свободни селяни конници), акънджии (ударна конница), юруци и др. Осъществява се сливане на етническа и религиозна идентичност, произтичащо от самата организация на империята и значимостта на религията за упражняването на властта. Религията се превръща в етноним на властта, а властта е мюсюлманска. Очевидно е, че причините и факторите за приемането на исляма от част от балканското население не са окончателно изяснени и ще останат дискусионни, ако обяснението им се търси само в „насилието“ или само в „доброволността“. Може би тези причини трябва да се свържат както с вътрешнополитическата стратегия на османската държава спрямо многобройното население на Балканите,  така и със средновековната религиозност на селяните и невъзможността на намиращата се в подчинено положение православна църква да поддържа вярата им и да ги подкрепя материално.

Ключови думи: ислям, Балкани, идентичност, етнос, религия, ислямизация, колонизация, миграция

доц. д-р Веселин Босаков, ИФС при БАН

Abstract: Even before the conquest of the Balkan Peninsula was completed by the end of the 15 century, the Ottoman Empire was faced with the need to increase the Muslim component of the local population so as to affirm Ottoman power in the new lands. The central authorities, the army and the clergy began to systematically implement a policy of Islamization. Colonization and migration were among the factors that led to the settlement of a numerous Muslim population. Conversion to Islam was linked to certain advantages, such as pardon for violations of law, the distribution of offices and positions, assistance for impoverished new Muslims, inclusion in Ottoman military organizations such as the spahi, the janissaries, the yaya (peasant infantry), the muslem (autonomous peasant cavalry), the akinji (advance cavalry), the yuruks, etc. There was a merging of ethnic and religious identity stemming from the way in which the Empire was organized and from the importance of religion for the exercise of power. Religious affiliation became an ethnonym of power, and power was in Muslim hands. Evidently, the causes and factors of the conversion to Islam of part of the Balkan population have not been definitively clarified and will remain debatable if the explanation is looked for in “coercion” alone or in “voluntary choice” alone. Perhaps the causes might be related to the internal political strategy of the Ottoman state with regard to the numerous population of the Balkans as well as to the medieval religiousness of the peasants and the incapacity of the Orthodox Church, in its subordinate position, to maintain their faith and provide them with material assistance.

Keywords: Islam, Balkans, identity, ethnos, religion, Islamization, colonization, migration

Assoc. Prof. Veselin Bosakov, PhD

ИСЛЯМ – БАЛКАНИ – ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИзтегляне

ЯВЛЕНИЕТО „ЕВРОИСЛЯМ” / THE PHENOMENON OF EURO-ISLAM

Етикети

евроислям, етнос, култура, мултикултурализъм, религия, социален диалог

Abstract: The article analyzes the phenomenon of Euro-Islam, the causes of its vitality are examined. Special attention is focused on the failure of multiculturalism and the inability to achieve social dialogue between representatives of different cultures, ethnic group  and religions.

ЯВЛЕНИЕТО ЕВРОИСЛЯМИзтегляне